Tratamientos y bioterapias para COVID-19 / Therapeutics and biotherapies for covid-19

INTRODUCCIÓN: Un nuevo brote de coronavirus surgió en 2019 en Wuhan, China, causando conmoción en el sistema sanitario de todo el mundo; el Comité Internacional de Taxonomía de Virus lo denominó SARS-CoV-2, agente causante de la enfermedad COVID-19.El espectro de gravedad de la enfermedad es muy amplio: la mayoría de los pacientes no presentan gravedad, pero otros pueden desarrollar neumonías, y la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda es la causa más frecuente de mortalidad. Objetivo: analizar y desarrollar las distintas alternativas terapéuticas aportadas por la Biotecnología para tratar los síntomas de aquellos pacientes con COVID-19. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía disponible, a partir de enero de 2020 en PubMed, acerca de los tratamientos que se encuentran aún en ensayos clínicos y aquellos que cuentan con aprobación bajo uso de emergencia para la enfermedad COVID-19. También se realizaron búsquedas a través de Google y Google Académico para publicaciones de organismos de Salud en referencia a políticas de salud establecidas para la terapéutica durante dicha pandemia. Resultados: este trabajo aborda las nuevas alternativas terapéuticas para COVID-19 derivadas de la Biotecnología, que se encuentran tanto en uso como en etapas de ensayos clínicos comprendidos dentro del segmento de los biofármacos y las bioterapias. Se incluye un breve resumen del estatus regulatorio de entidades de salud, el mecanismo de acción de dichas terapias y características generales de cada uno. Se incluyen novedosas bioterapias que se empezaron a implementar para afrontar la pandemia. Conclusiones: la pandemia de coronavirus está poniendo a prueba el sistema sanitario internacional, para brindar soluciones tanto desde el diagnóstico y prevención como para el tratamiento de la población a fin de disminuir la mortalidad. Esto incluyó, obviamente también, al área de la Biotecnología aplicada a la salud, que ha aportado en los tres aspectos mencionados; el presente trabajo se centra en las respuestas de tipo terapéutico que ha brindado y que están comercializadas o en fases clínicas. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: A new coronavirus outbreak emerged in 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a shock to the healthcare system around the world; the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named it SARS-CoV- 2, the infectious agent of the COVID-19 disease. The spectrum of severity of the disease is very wide, most patients are not serious, but others can develop pneumonia, with acute respiratory failure being the most frequent cause of mortality. Objective: to analyze and develop the different therapeutic alternatives provided by Biotechnology dedicated to Health, to treat the symptoms of those COVID-19 patients who require it, and thus reduce mortality.Methodology: a review of the available literature from January 2020 in PubMed of the treatments that are still in clinical trials and those that have been approved under emergency use for the disease COVID-19 was performed. Searches were also carried out through Google and Google Scholar for publications of Health organizations in reference to health policies established for therapeutics during the mentioned pandemic. Results: this work addresses the new therapeutic alternatives derived from Biotechnology, which are both in use and in stages of clinical trials, to treat patients who developed COVID-19 included within the segment of biopharmaceuticals and biotherapies. A brief summary of the regulatory status of health entities, the mechanism of action of said therapies and general characteristics of each one is included. Innovative biotherapies that began to be implemented to face the pandemic are included. Conclusions: The coronavirus pandemic has driven the international health system to the test, to provide solutions both from the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the population to reduce the mortality of patients. This obviously also included the area of Biotechnology applied to health, which has contributed in the three aspects mentioned. The present work focuses on the therapeutic responses that it has provided and that are commercialized or in clinical phases. (AU)

Efeito do processamento de defumação na qualidade de bijupirá (Rachycentron canadum): atributos bacteriológicos, químicos e sensoriais / Effect of smoking-method on the keeping quality of cobia (Rachycentron canadum): bacteriological, chemical and sensory attributes

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver a carne de bijupirá defumada, assim como avaliar o rendimento, a qualidade bacteriológica, a composição centesimal e a aceitabilidade do produto. Análises microbiológicas de pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e contagens de Staphylococcus aureus, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli foram realizadas. Foi determinada a composição centesimal e realizado o teste de aceitação do produto. O rendimento médio da carne após a salga foi de 83,41%, com base no peso do charuto. A análise microbiológica da carne defumada apresentou-se positiva em apenas uma amostra para Staphylococcus aureus e negativa para as demais bactérias. O produto possui boa qualidade nutricional e alcançou 97% de aceitação para o aspecto global, atingindo média de 6,26 (± 0,99). A carne de bijupirá defumada obteve condições higiênico-sanitárias satisfatórias, boa qualidade nutricional, além de alto índice de aceitação sensorial, destacando-se os atributos textura e sabor. Evidenciou-se, assim, que esse tipo de processo pode ser realizado em escala artesanal ou industrial.(AU)

The objective of the study was to develop the smoked cobia meat and to evaluate the yield, the bacteriological quality, the centesimal composition, and the acceptability of the product. Microbiological analysis of Salmonella sp. and Staphylococcus aureus, total coliforms and Escherichia coli counts were performed. The centesimal composition was determined and the acceptance test was performed. The average yield of the product after salting was 83.41% based on the fish roll weight. The microbiological analysis of the smoked meat showed positive in only one sample for Staphylococcus aureus and negative for the other bacteria. The product has a good nutritional quality and was accepted obtaining 97% for the overall aspect, average of 6.26 (± 0.99). The smoked cobia meat obtained satisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions, good nutritional quality, besides a high index of sensorial acceptance emphasizing the texture and flavor attributes. Smoked process can be easily carried out on an artisanal or industrial scale.(AU)

Water management applied to the processing of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in a fish cold storage warehouse in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Gerenciamento hídrico aplicado ao beneficiamento de Salmão-do-Atlântico (Salmo salar) e Dourado-do-mar (Coryphaena hippurus) em entreposto de pescado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The high consumption of water and uncontrolled wastewater generation commonly seen in fish processing plants are a matter of concern. Sustainable actions must be taken to addres this issue. The present study aimed to quantify the water used in the processing of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in a fish warehouse in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, through water balance and mass balance at each development stage. According to the data obtained, the warehouse showed higher total water use, both in general (7,173.28±265.77m3/month), with most water use intended for processing support activities, approximately 45.00% (3,186.82±407.57m3/month); specifically, in the processing of the selected raw materials, with greater consumption of water for obtaining one kg of Dolphinfish fillets and slices, around 4.80 x 103m3/kg in both. This suggests the use of sustainable methodologies that result in decreased water consumption and in reuse of solid waste, since the three processing stages studied generated a high amount of solid waste, with emphasis to filleting in both species, with 55.00% of residual production each. The present study will also serve as the basis to other studies on the same issue in the fishing area.(AU)

Comumente relacionado à indústria de pescado, o alto consumo de água e geração de efluentes de forma não controlada é preocupante. Ações sustentáveis são necessárias diante do problema. Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, quantificar a água utilizada no processamento de salmão-do-atlântico (Salmo salar) e dourado-do-mar (Coryphaena hippurus), em um entreposto de pescado localizado no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, por meio dos balanços hídrico e de massa de cada etapa de processamento. Com base nos dados obtidos, observou-se que o entreposto apresentou um elevado uso de água total, tanto de forma geral, 7.173,28±265,77m3/mês, com o maior gasto destinado às atividades de apoio ao processamento, aproximadamente 45,00%, quanto de forma específica, no processamento das matéria-prima selecionada, com o maior consumo de água para obtenção de um kg de filé e um kg de posta de dourado, cerca de 4,80 x 103m3/kg em ambos os processos. Sugere-se a aplicação de metodologias sustentáveis de redução no uso hídrico, além do reaproveitamento de resíduos sólidos, uma vez que os três beneficiamentos estudados geram elevada quantidade de resíduos sólidos, com destaque para a filetagem em ambas as espécies, com produção residual de 55,00% cada. O presente estudo também serve como base para outros de mesma temática na área de pescado.(AU)

Primer aislamiento de Salmonella Javiana con portación de KPC-2 en Paraguay / First isolation of Salmonella Javiana with KPC-2 in Paraguay

Varios mecanismos de resistencia a diversos agentes antimicrobianos que se han incorporado al arsenal terapéutico, han emergido en los últimos años, destacando la aparición de carbapenemasas en enterobacterias, siendo Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasa (KPC) una de las más importantes, identificada originalmente en los Estados Unidos en 1996. En Paraguay, los primeros aislamientos de cepas portadoras de carbapenemasa tipo KPC se obtuvieron en septiembre del año 2009, a partir del cual se confirmaron la presencia en varias especies de enterobacterias, siendo Klebsiella pneumoniae la de mayor prevalencia entre ellas. Según datos del centro de referencia, Salmonella entérica serotipo Typhimurium es el serovar más común identificado en muestras de heces hasta la fecha, y el serotipo Javiana el cuarto. En este informe se describe el primer aislamiento resistente a carbapenemes por carbapenemasa del tipo KPC-2 en Salmonella entérica serotipo Javiana aislado en febrero de 2015 de una muestra fecal. Además, en muestras de la misma paciente, fueron aisladas las especies Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenemes por presencia de la misma enzima (KPC-2) en secreción orotraqueal y Enterococcus faecalis resistente a vancomicina en muestra fecal. Este hallazgo, confirma la portación del gen que codifica para la carbapenemasa tipo KPC-2 por cepa de Salmonella entérica, y que el mismo ocurre en un serotipo poco frecuente (serotipo Javiana). Además, la recuperación en otra muestra de la paciente de K. pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa tipo KPC- 2 evidencia la diseminación de este mecanismo de resistencia entre las enterobacterias. Palabras claves: Salmonella, KPC, carbapenemasas, enterobacterias.

At the global level have emerged over the years, microorganisms resistant to various antimicrobial agents that have been incorporated to the therapeutic arsenal. Several mechanisms of resistance have emerged in recent years, highlighting the emergence of carbapenemases in enterobacterias, entity which Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasa (KPC), being one of the most important, originally identified in the United States in 1996. In Paraguay, the first isolates of KPC carbapenemasecarrying strains were obtained in september 2009, from which the presence of several Enterobacteria species was confirmed, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most prevalent among them. According to data from the reference center, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is the most common serovar identified in stool samples to date, and the Javiana serotype the fourth. This report describes the first KPC-2 carbapenemase isolate in Salmonella enterica serovar Javiana isolated in February 2015 from a fecal sample. In addition, in samples from the same patient, Klebsiella pneumoniae species resistant to carbapenems were isolated by the presence of the same enzyme (KPC-2) in orotracheal secretion and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in fecal samples. Key words: Salmonella, KPC, carbapenemases, enterobacterias.

Physicochemical characteristics of smoked cooked linguiças made with ostrich meat trimmings / Características físico-químicas de linguiças cozidas defumadas elaboradas com aparas de carne de avestruz

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of three formulations of smoked cooked linguiças, only differing in the lean meat used: (Formula 1 ­ 100% ostrich meat; Formula 2 ­ 50% ostrich meat + 50% pork; and Formula 3 ­ 50% ostrich meat + 50% chicken), elaborated with ostrich meat trimmings. The formulas showed slightly higher moisture content (62.00-64.41%) than the maximum allowed in the legislation for cooked linguiças (60%) (Brasil, 2000). However, their protein content (19.99-22.14%) was at least 42% higher than the minimum required level (14%); the fat content (11.82-14.25%) was less than half the maximum permitted level (35%) in the same legislation, and at least 45% less than three well-known smoked cooked linguiça brands commercialized in Brazil; and the energy value (194.89-208.19 Kcal%) was at least 31% less than the same smoked linguiça brands; thus the three ostrich smoked linguiça formulas elaborated could be claimed "light" in fat content and energy value (European Union, 2006; Brasil, 2012). The present study showed that ostrich meat trimmings can be successfully used to elaborate healthy, "light", smoked cooked linguiças, competing in the market with traditional smoked cooked linguiças, and adding value in the ostrich meat chain.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas de três formulações de linguiças cozidas defumadas, que somente diferiram em relação à carne magra utilizada: (Fórmula 1 ­ 100% carne de avestruz; Fórmula 2 ­ 50% carne de avestruz + 50% carne suína; e Fórmula 3 ­ 50% carne de avestruz + 50% carne de frango), elaboradas com aparas de carne de avestruz. As fórmulas apresentaram teor de umidade levemente superior (62,00-64,41%) ao máximo permitido na legislação para linguiças cozidas (60%) (Brasil, 2000). No entanto, seu teor de proteína (19,99-22,14%) foi no mínimo 42% maior que o nível mínimo exigido (14%); o teor de gordura (11,82-14,25%) foi menos da metade do conteúdo máximo permitido (35%) na mesma legislação e pelo menos 45% inferior ao teor de gordura de três marcas bem conhecidas de linguiças cozidas defumadas comercializadas no Brasil; e o valor energético (194,89-208,19kcal%) foi no mínimo 31% menor que as mesmas marcas de linguiças defumadas; com isso, as três fórmulas de linguiças cozidas defumadas de carne de avestruz poderiam ser rotuladas como "light" em relação ao teor de gordura e valor energético (European Union, 2006; Brasil, 2012). O presente estudo mostrou que as aparas de carne de avestruz podem ser utilizadas com sucesso na elaboração de linguiças cozidas defumadas "light", saudáveis, competindo no mercado com linguiças defumadas tradicionais, e adicionando valor à cadeia de carne de avestruz.(AU)

Sistema de Rehabilitación de Miembro Inferior Interconectado con un Videojuego: Una Potencial Aplicación para Víctimas de Minas Antipersonal / Lower Limb Rehabilitation System Interfaced with a Videogame: A Potential Application for Landmine Victims

Resumen A nivel mundial se registran anualmente alrededor de 3,308 víctimas de minas antipersonal (MAP), de las cuales un 67% corresponde a lesiones de miembros inferiores que requieren rehabilitación. Este artículo presenta un sistema de adquisición de datos para un equipo de rehabilitación de víctimas de MAP, quienes al interactuar con un videojuego de carreras de automóviles realizan la terapia. El sistema permite al terapeuta establecer una velocidad de pedaleo mínima y analizar la fuerza y velocidad del mismo. El desarrollo conceptual incorpora una bicicleta estática comercial, sensores para medir la fuerza de pedaleo, un sensor óptico para medir la velocidad y pulsadores de mando para interactuar con el videojuego. Para evaluar el sistema se caracterizaron y probaron los sensores, y se realizaron encuestas de percepción a 20 fisioterapeutas relacionadas con ergonomía, seguridad y potenciales beneficios del sistema. El 70%, 90% y 80% de los fisioterapeutas valoraron, respectivamente, estas características en un nivel Alto. Adicionalmente, al menos el 85% de ellos están de acuerdo con nueve beneficios potenciales para personas víctimas de MAP, por lo tanto se plantea que el sistema desarrollado puede utilizarse como 'juego serio' para apoyar las terapias de rehabilitación de personas con prótesis por esta causa.

Abstract Worldwide there are approximately 3,308 records of landmine victims during a year. 67% of them suffered injuries which require physical rehabilitation. This paper presents a data acquisition system for landmine victims rehabilitation, interfaced with a videogame, which enables to interact with a racing game. The therapist can set the minimum speed required for the rehabilitation and analyze the forces and speed developed while pedaling. The conceptual development incorporates a commercial static bicycle, sensors to measure the pedaling force, an optic sensor to measure the speed, and command buttons to control the videogame. In order to evaluate the system, the sensors were characterized and tested, and a survey was conducted to 20 physiotherapists in order to evaluate the perception of ergonomics, safety and possible benefits of the data acquisition system for rehabilitation of landmine victims. 70%, 90% and 80% of the physiotherapists, respectively, assessed these characteristics as High level. Moreover, at least 85% of them are agree with nine possible benefits for rehabilitation of landmine explosion victim. Therefore, it is proposed that the data acquisition system can be used as a serious game that supports rehabilitation therapies of people with a prosthesis due to this cause.

Influência da aplicação de irradiação por feixe de elétrons na qualidade microbiológica de filés de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) refrigerados / Influence of irradiation application for electron beam on the microbiological quality of chilled croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) fillets

A adequada manipulação do pescado desde sua captura até seu processamento tecnológico, além da manutenção das condições higiênico-sanitárias, o que inclui a qualidade da água utilizada na cadeia, influencia na carga microbiana inicial apresentada. A fim de retardar o processo de deterioração, diminuir as perdas e os riscos iminentes à saúde coletiva, como a propagação de agentes etiológicos de doenças alimentares, são empregados diferentes métodos de conservação. Os feixes de elétrons são utilizados em vários países e levam à destruição dos microrganismos por alterações em suas estruturas, as quais ocorrem pela remoção de elétrons de seus átomos. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, contribuir para a avaliação da eficiência da irradiação por feixe de elétrons na qualidade microbiológica de filés de corvina (M. furnieri) refrigerados, desembarcados no município de Niterói - RJ, Brasil. Foram realizadas contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas, de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias psicrotróficas e enumeração de Enterococcus spp. e, posteriormente, comparadas as amostras do grupo controle com as dos grupos irradiados a doses de 0,7 e 1,0kGy. Os peixes inteiros foram adquiridos no cais de Itaipu, filetados no mercado, embalados a vácuo e mantidos a ±4°C. Embora não tenha sido encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos (P>0,05) em nenhuma das análises, concluiu-se que o processamento utilizado foi eficaz na redução do crescimento das três bactérias pesquisadas no dia zero de ambos os grupos irradiados.

The proper handling of fish from capture to technological processing, as well as maintenance of sanitary conditions and the quality of water, can influence the initial microbial load presented. In order to slow down the deterioration process, the reduction of losses and eminent risk to public health as the spread of etiological agents of foodborne illness are different methods used for storage. Electron beams are used in several countries and lead to the destruction of microorganisms by changes in their structures, which occur by removing electrons from their atoms. The objective in the present study contributes to the evaluation of electron beam irradiation efficiency in microbiological quality of chilled croaker fillets (M. furnieri), landed in Niterói - RJ, Brazil. Were performed Bacteria Count Heterotrophic aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic bacteria Heterotrophic Aerobic and enumeration of Enterococcus spp. and subsequently compared to the control group of samples with the groups irradiated at doses of 0.7 and 1.0kGy. Whole fish were purchased from the Itaipu pier, threaded on the market, vacuum packed and kept at ±4°C. Although there was no statistically significant difference among the three groups (P>0.05) in any of the analyzes, it was concluded that the application of this technology was effective in reducing the growth of the three bacteria surveyed on day zero of both irradiated groups.

Bacterial microbiota present in the gallbladder of cattle and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolates / Microbiota bacteriana presente na vesícula biliar de bovinos e resistência antimicrobiana de isolados de Staphyloccocus

Pathogenic microorganisms can reside transiently or permanently in the gallbladder of cattle. Thus, during slaughter, more attention should be given to the gastrointestinal tract, especially to the accessory organ, the gallbladder. The main aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota present in bile and gallbladder epithelium of cattle slaughtered in a slaughtering plant under sanitary conditions and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in strains of the genus Staphylococcus. Thirty intact gallbladders were collected and the in bile and epithelium were researched for the presence of Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AMHB), Staphylococcus spp., total Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp.The frequency of isolation of the microorganism mentioned above were, respectively: 23.02 percent, 14.39 percent, 13.67 percent, 24.46 percent, 0 percent and 24.46 percent. Concerning both gallbladder environments, the frequency of isolation of the microorganisms in the epithelium was 64.03 percent, and in the bile 35.97 percent, with no statistical difference, but with significant difference between the population averages. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, strains of Staphylococcus from both bile and gallbladder epithelium showed sensitivity to the antimicrobials: penicillin G, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. The observation that the gallbladder supports a high frequency of microorganisms brings us to the possible fact that cattle might be a persistent carrier of pathogens of great importance to public health...

Microrganismos patogênicos podem residir temporariamente ou permanentemente na vesícula biliar de bovinos. Assim, durante o abate, maior atenção deve ser dada ao trato gastrointestinal, especialmente para o órgão acessório, a vesícula biliar. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a microbiota bacteriana presente na bile e no epitélio de vesículas biliares de bovinos abatidos em matadouro frigorífico sob inspeção sanitária e avaliar a resistência antimicrobiana de estirpes do gênero Staphyloccocus. Foram coletadas 30 vesículas biliares íntegras e foi pesquisada na bile e no epitélio do órgão a presença de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas (BHAM), Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobacteriaceae totais, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. e Salmonella spp. A frequência de isolamento dos microrganismos citados acima foi, respectivamente: 23,02 por cento, 14,39 por cento, 13,67 por cento, 24,46 por cento, 0por cento e 24,46 por cento. Em relação aos dois ambientes da vesícula, a frequência de isolamento dos microrganismos no epitélio foi de 64,03 por cento, e na bile 35,97 por cento, não sendo diferente estatisticamente, mas com diferença significativa entre as médias populacionais.No teste de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos, as estirpes de Staphylococcus isoladas a partir da bile e do epitélio da vesícula biliar apresentaram sensibilidade a: penicilina G, ceftriaxona, cloranfenicol e gentamicina. A observação de que a vesícula biliar comporta microrganismos em elevadas frequências atenta para o fato de que o bovino possa ser um portador persistente de patógenos de grande importância em saúde pública...

Efecto de la densidad de siembra y la adición de ácido ascórbico en el cultivo de Osteoglossum bicirrhosum / Effect of stocking density and inclusion of ascorbic acid in Osteoglossum bicirrhosum

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la densidad de siembra y la adición de ácido ascórbico en la alimentación de alevinos de O. bicirrhosum, cultivados en jaulas. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 396 alevinos y se distribuyeron en nueve tratamientos, resultado de la combinación de los niveles del factor densidad de siembra: 1pez/5 L; 1pez/10 L y 1pez/15 L y los niveles de ácido ascórbico: 0; 500 y 1000 mg/kg. Los datos obtenidos se evaluaron mediante el análisis de varianza del diseño factorial 32. Resultados. La densidad de siembra presentó diferencias estadísticas significativas en el incremento de peso. Las variables incremento de longitud y tasa de crecimiento específico no presentaron diferencias estadísticas. En cuanto a la conversión alimenticia aparente, se demostraron diferencias significativas en los dos factores: La densidad de 1pez/10 L indicó la mejor conversión con un valor de 1.50, asimismo, la inclusión de 1000 mg de ácido ascórbico por Kg de alimento mostró los mejores promedios con 1.55. En la sobrevivencia se precisaron diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos de la densidad de 1pez/5 L, siendo mejores aquellos que incluyeron ácido ascórbico en la dieta. Conclusiones. La densidad de 1pez/10 L registró el mayor incremento de peso con 31.83 g en 87 días. La sobrevivencia general fue del 96%, lo que demuestra la eficiencia del sistema de cultivo utilizado, al tiempo que actúa de manera positiva en el desarrollo de esta especie.

Objective. Evaluate the effect of planting density and inclusion of ascorbic acid in grown in cages fingerlings of O. bicirrhosum. Materials and methods. 396 fingerlings were studied and distributed in nine treatments, result of the combination of planting levels factor: 1fish/5 L; 1fish/10 L and 1fish/15 L and ascorbic acid levels: 0, 500 and 1000 mg/Kg. Data were evaluated by variance analysis of 32 factorial design. Results. The planting density showed statistically significant differences in weight gain. The length increase and specific growth rate variables were not statistically different. In terms of apparent feed conversion, it was shown significant differences in the two factors: 1fish/10 L density indicated the best conversion with a value of 1.50; also, the inclusion of 1000mg ascorbic acid per Kg of feed showed the best average with 1.55. Referring to survival there was a statistical difference between treatments of 1fish/5 L density, being the best those which included ascorbic acid in the diet. Conclusions. 1fish/10 L density had the largest increase of weight 31.83 g in 87 days. The general survival was 96%, which, demonstrates the efficiency of the cropping system used, while it's acting positively on the development of this species.

Effects of Inorganic Mulches on Achillea millefolium L. Sesquiterpene Lactones.

Aims: Sesquiterpene lactones are one of the most important groups of bioactive substances in Achillea millefolium, a perennial herb cultivated because of its medicinal interest. We sought to determine if the use of inorganic mulches for weed control in A. millefolium crops could lead to differences in their sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) content. Study Design: A field experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted to determine the effect of black polypropylene, black polyethylene of 100 µm and black polyethylene of 175 µm on A. millefolium SLs content. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Crop Production, University of Santiago de Compostela, between September 2004 and August 2005. Methodology: LC/MS analysis of A. millefolium flower heads grown over the three different inorganic mulches and in control plots was carried out in order to determine SLs. Results: Chromatographic analysis of A. millefolium flower heads grown over polypropylene and in control plots revealed the highest diversity of SLs, whereas those developed over black polyethylene showed the least. Polypropylene mulches were shown to be the most efficient with a 2-3 fold increase of total SLs (P < 0.001). The effects of inorganic mulches on individual SLs were of limited relevance. However, the use of black polyethylene (100 µm) resulted in an increase of 8-desacetylmatricarin (P = 0.005), a SL of biological and pharmacological interest. In contrast, concentrations of three unidentified SLs decreased in yarrow plants grown over black polyethylene. Conclusion: Weed density did not show as a major factor influencing the total amount of SLs but growth parameters such as yarrow dry matter were inversely related.

Enterobacterias resistentes a Carbapenemes por producción de KPC, aisladas en hospitales de Asunción y Departamento Central / Enterobacteria Carbapenem-resistant KPC by production, isolated inhospitals and Asunción and Central Department

Las infecciones por enterobacterias resistentes a carbapenemes o productoras de carbapenemasas (KPC) han emergido como un importante desafío en los centros de salud de todo el mundo, incluyendo el Paraguay. Este estudio describe los hallazgos de estos patógenos en diferentes centros de Asunción y Departamento Central, donde han sido aisladas 76 cepas de enterobacterias con resistencia a carbapenemes por producción de esta enzima, confirmadas por métodos moleculares. Además, en las mismas, han sido detectadas otros mecanismos de resistencia, como producción de betalactamasa de espectro extendido (CTX-M y PER-2) y genes que codifican la resistencia a quinolonas (qnr). Palabras claves: KPC, Enterobacterias, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Carbapenemes

Infections caused by carbapenem resistant or carbapenemase producing (KPC) enterobacteria have emerged as an important challenge in healthcare centers throughout the world, including Paraguay. This study describes findings of these pathogens in different facilities in Asunción and the Central Department, where 76 families of carbapenem resistant bacteria have been isolated through detection of this enzyme, and confirmed through molecular methods. In addition, other resistance mechanisms have been detected in the same families, such as broad spectrum betalactamase resistance (CTX-M and PER-2) and genes that codify quinolone resistance. Key words: KPC, Enterobacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Carbapenems

Development and bacteriological, chemical and sensory characterization of fishburgers made of Tilapia minced meat and surimi / Desenvolvimento e caracterização bacteriológica, química e sensorial de "fishburgers" de polpa e "surimi" de tilápia

In this study fishburger samples obtained from tilapia minced meat and surimi retrieved from fillet frames - filleting process waste - have been assessed. Four different preparations of fishburger were made. Chemical analyses was performed for protein, lipids, moisture and ash assessments, as well as bacteriological analyses through mesophilic aerobic heterotrophic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts, isolation and identification of Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and fecal coliforms. Instrumental measurements were also carried out for texture and tested sensory acceptance. The costs of the ingredients used in the preparation of formulas were also assessed. Microbiological standards, established by current regulations, were met by all samples. No significant gap (P>0.05) was detected among the percentage of protein, moisture and ashes, while a significant gap (P<0.05) was verified for lipids. A significant gap (P<0.05) for the instrumental measurements of texture was also observed. Both surimi and minced meat fishburger presented good acceptance on sensory tests for taste, texture and overall impression. The use of smoked fish flavoring and surimi caused a considerable increase in costs due to ingredient acquisition. This study shows a positive result for the industrialization and consumption potential of fishburgers made of minced fish retrieved from fillet frames.

Foram avaliadas amostras de "fishburgers" elaboradas com polpa e "surimi" de tilápia obtidos a partir do espinhaço residual da linha de filetagem. Realizaram-se análises químicas de proteína, lipídios, umidade e cinzas; análises bacteriológicas de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotróficas; isolamento e identificação de Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e coliformes fecais; análises instrumentais de textura; teste de aceitação sensorial e levantamento de custo dos ingredientes utilizados na elaboração das formulações. Todas as amostras analisadas atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Não ocorreu diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os percentuais de proteína, umidade e cinzas, tendo sido observada diferença em relação ao percentual de lipídios entre as amostras. Observou-se diferença significativa entre as amostras avaliadas por análise instrumental, em relação à textura (P<0,05). Tanto o "fishburger" elaborado com "surimi" quanto o elaborado com polpa, foram aceitos sensorialmente em relação ao sabor, textura e impressão global. A utilização de flavorizante à base de peixe defumado e do "surimi", resultou em aumento considerável no custo com aquisição de ingredientes. Observa-se um resultado positivo em relação ao potencial de industrialização e consumo do "fishburger" elaborado com polpa de tilápia obtida do espinhaço residual da filetagem.

Detección por PCR múltiple de gérmenes atípicos en pacientes con neumonía adquirida de la comunidad que concurrieron al INERAM / Multiplex PCR for detection of atypical bacteria in community-acquired pneumonia patients attending INERAM Hospital

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una causa relevante de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los métodos convencionales fracasan en la detección de Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae y Legionella pneumophila. Estas bacterias pueden generar procesos infecciosos crónicos y no responden a ciertos antibióticos empleados en el tratamiento empírico de la NAC. Nuestro objetivo fue detectar de forma simultánea, mediante métodos moleculares, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae y L. pneumophila en muestras respiratorias de pacientes con NAC, y describir los gérmenes comunes aislados por métodos microbiológicos convencionales. Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte trasverso realizado en el año 2011, en el que se analizaron 60 muestras respiratorias provenientes de pacientes con NAC atendidos en el INERAM (Instituto de Enfermedades Respiratorias y del Ambiente). Para la PCR múltiple se emplearon primers específicos para genes de los tres microorganismos citados. El protocolo de estudio fue aprobado por los comités científico y ético del IICS y se mantuvieron en estricta confidencialidad los datos personales de los pacientes. La PCR múltiple permitió la amplificación de los genes específicos de estos microorganismos con límites de sensibilidad comprendidos entre 0,05 y 0,001 ng/µL de ADN. M. pneumoniae y C. pneumoniae estuvieron presentes respectivamente en el 18,3% y 1,7% del total de muestras analizadas. No se detectó la presencia de L. pneumophila. Los gérmenes comunes más frecuentemente aislados fueron estreptococos del grupo viridans y Candida spp.La técnica de PCR múltiple permitió detectar M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae y L. pneumophila, siendo el primero de los tres el más frecuentemente detectado en pacientes con NAC

Utilização de Lactobacillus acidophilus e de acidificação direta na fabricação de queijo de minas frescal / Lactobacillus acidophilus and of direct acidification to minas frescal cheese production

Três procedimentos foram adotados na elaboração de queijo de minas frescal: fabricação tradicional, com adição de ácido lático e com Lactobacillus acidophilus. As amostras dos queijos foram analisadas quanto à composição e, durante o período de estocagem de 30 dias, quanto à acidez - pH e acidez titulável - e contagem de L. acidophilus. A análise sensorial foi realizada por métodos sensoriais afetivos. A composição dos queijos nos diferentes procedimentos apresentou-se de acordo com os padrões esperados, com exceção do teor de gordura, que foi maior no queijo com adição de ácido lático. Durante a armazenagem, ocorreu aumento da acidez titulável em todos os procedimentos. A contagem de L. acidophilus foi acima de 10(8)UFC/g, caracterizando populações suficientes para classificar o queijo como alimento probiótico. Na análise sensorial, o de queijo de minas com a adição do probiótico foi o preferido pelos julgadores. O queijo de minas frescal foi apropriado para incorporação do probiótico, e o uso de L. acidophilus melhorou a qualidade sensorial e não alterou os parâmetros físico-químicos.

Minas frescal cheese was produced in three different procedures: traditional manufacturing; with the addition of lactic acid; and with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Cheeses samples were analyzed for composition, and during the stock period of 30 days for acidity and L. acidophilus count. The sensory analysis was carried out through sensory affective methods. The composition of cheeses in different treatments presented results in accordance to the standards expected for the product, except for fat content, which was higher in cheese with the addition of lactic acid. During the stock period, an increase of titulable acidity in all treatments was observed. The L. acidophilus count was above 10(8)UFC/g, characterizing sufficient population to classify the cheese as a probiotic food. At the sensory analysis, it was attested that the cheese which had the addition of probiotic was preferred among the tasters. The Minas Frescal cheese was appropriate for incorporation of probiotic and the use of L. acidophilus in cheese improved the sensory quality and did not alter the physicochemical parameters.

Controle de qualidade analítica dos métodos utilizados para a detecção de protozoários patogênicos em amostras de água / Control of the analytic quality of the methods used for the detection of pathogenic protozoans in water samples

As espécies de protozoários patogênicos de veiculação hídrica Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. foram responsáveis por cerca 90% dos surtos de gastroenterite ocorridos nos últimos 25 anos, em vários países. Critérios de avaliação das etapas referentes à detecção destes agentes em amostras de água, tais como: precisão inicial, inoculação nas amostras em água bruta e, diagnóstico e localização de erros estão abordados neste trabalho. Estes critérios devem ser correntemente aplicados e constantemente avaliados pelos laboratórios, a fim de assegurar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos durante um monitoramento e, assim, fornecer subsídios para uma avaliação do risco de surtos.

The waterborne pathogenic protozoan species Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. have been responsible for the majority (90%) of the gastroenteritis outbreaks that have occurred in the last 25 years in various countries. This paper discusses evaluation criteria pertaining to the steps involved in the detection of these microorganisms in water samples, such as: initial precision, inoculation in environmental samples, diagnosis and error localization. These criteria should be often applied and evaluated by laboratories in order to assure the reliability of the results obtained in a program of monitoring, thus aiding in the evaluation of the risks of outbreaks.

Parallel determination of NeuroD1, Chromogranin-A, KI67 and androgen receptor expression in surgically treated prostate cancers

PURPOSE: Neuroendocrine differentiation is a hallmark of prostate cancer. The aim of our study was the detection of the parallel expression of neuroendocrine related markers using a prostate tissue microarray (TMA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study was aimed at detecting the parallel expression of NeuroD1, Chromogranin-A (ChrA), Androgen Receptor (AR) and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry on prostate cancer tissue microarray. The data was analyzed using SAS version 8.2 (SAS Inc, Cary, NC). The relationships between NeuroD1, ChrA and AR expressions and patients' characteristics were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Progression and Overall Survival (OS) distributions were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Tissue reactivity for NeuroD1, ChrA and AR concerned 73 percent, 49 percent and 77 percent of the available cases, respectively. Regarding overall survival, there were 87 deaths and 295 patients alive/censored (6 years of median follow-up). Seventy-seven disease progressions occurred at the median follow-up 5.4y. A significant correlation between NeuroD1, ChrA and AR expression was observed (p < 0.001 and p < 0.03, respectively). Additionally, ChrA was strongly associated in multivariate analysis to Gleason score and Ki67 expression (p < 0.009 and p < 0.0052, respectively). Survival analysis showed no association between markers neither for overall nor for cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight that NeuroD1, Chromogranin-A and Androgen Receptor are strongly associated, however their expression does not correlate with overall survival or disease progression.

El síndrome de Moebius: descripción de 8 casos: relación con el uso de misoprostol en el primer trimestre del embarazo / Moebius syndrome: a description of 8 cases and relationship to the use of misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy

Se describen ocho casos de Síndrome de Moebius. Seis pacientes de sexo masculino y dos del sexo femenino. Tres de los casos con SM y micrognatia, dos casos con parálisis facial derecha y micrognatia, un caso con SM, pie bot bilateral y micrognatia, un caso con SM, pie bot bilateral y ventrículomegalia y un caso con SM, pie bot bilateral, luxación congénita de ambas caderas, campodactília de 3° y 4° dedos de las manos y paladar hendido. Dos de los casos están relacionados al uso de misoprostol por la madre en el primer trimestre del embarazo. Comentario: La etiología del SM es generalmente esporádica, aunque hay casos autosómicos dominantes y autosómicos recesivos y han sido descritas familias con translocaciones balanceadas. Se relaciona con eventos que puedan producir una disrupción vascular y aporte insuficiente a estructuras irrigadas por la arteria subclavia primitiva. Han sido descritos numerosos casos de Síndrome de Moebius relacionados con el uso de misoprostol durante el primer trimestre del embarazo.

Introduction: Moebius syndrome (MS) is caused by paralysis of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves. Various physiopathological causes have been described. It affects men and women in equal numbers. The Moebius sequence is a sign, and the clinical characteristics are not specific, but include a mask-like expression due to bilateral (occasionally unilateral) facial paralysis, micrognathia, and in one third of cases a cleft U shaped palate or bifid uvula. Ptosis, nystagmus, and strabismus may also be present. Unilateral lingual hypoplasia and difficulty in suction or swallowing may also appear. Defects of the extremities such as talipes equinovarus, digital hypoplasia, syndactyly, or more severe reductive defects are observed. Associated conditions seen include hypodontia, Poland syndrome and on occasion Klippel-Feil syndrome. Cardiac or urinary conditions, hypogenitalism and hypogonadism can also exist. Some patients are more broadly compromised, with the 3d, 4th, 5th, 9th, 10th and 12th cranial nerves affected. Mental retardation, autism, and hypoacusis can also be present. Cases Description: We describe eight (8) cases of Moebius syndrome. 6 patients were male and 2 female. In 3 cases MS and micrognathia were present; 2 cases included right-side facial paralysis and micrognathia; 1 case presented MS, bilateral clubfoot and micrognathia; 1 case presented MS, bilateral clubfoot and ventriculomegaly; and 1 case presented MS, bilateral clubfoot, congenital dislocation of both hips, camptodactyly of the 3d and 4th fingers, and cleft palate. Two cases were associated with the use of misoprostol by the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy. Comments: The etiology of MS is generally sporadic, although there are autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive cases, while families with balanced translocations have also been described...

Las Osteogenesis imperfectas: revisión del tema / Osteogenesis imperfecta

Objetivo: Las osteogénesis imperfectas (OI) son un grupo de patologías genéticas hereditarias del tejido conectivo, que se caracterizan por fragilidad ósea y fracturas. Las osteogénesis imperfectas se clasifican en tipos: I, II, III, IV, V y VI. Las de tipo I y IV se subdividen de acuerdo a la presencia o no, de dentina opalescente y la tipo II se divide en tres subgrupos dependiendo de las características radiológicas. La prevalencia estimada de todos los tipos combinados es de 0,5 en 10.000 nacimientos. Las OI son causadas por mutaciones en los dos genes que codifican las cadenas de colágeno tipo 1, COL1A 1, localizado en el cromosoma 17 y COL1A 2, localizado en el cromosoma 7. El tipo de herencia varia de acuerdo a los tipos y subtipos de OI y la severidad puede ser muy variable, y es diferente hasta en una misma familia, desde individuos sin fracturas, hasta pacientes con múltiples fracturas. Algunas características asociadas incluyen; escleróticas azules, dientes opalescentes, hipoacusia, deformidad de huesos largos y columna vertebral e hiperextensibilidad y luxación articular. Se puede realizar el diagnostico prenatal de las OI por ecografía y si previamente se conoce la mutación, por el estudio de vellosidades coriales o liquido amniótico por biología molecular, que es altamente confiable. Ha habido muchos avances en el diagnostico y el tratamiento de las OI en los últimos años, motivo por el cual, se presenta una revisión de la clínica, clasificación, tipos de herencia, diagnostico, manejo y el tratamiento de la osteogénesis imperfecta

Investigación de parásitos intestinales en una comunidad aborigen de la provincia de Salta / Survey of intestinal parasites among an aboriginal community in Salta

Se investigó la presencia de protozoarios y helmintos intestinales en una comunidad aborigen ubicada a 6 km de Tartagal, provincia de Salta, Argentina. La edad de los individuos estudiados estaba comprendida entre 1 y 49 años. Ciento doce muestras de materia fecal se recogieron en solución acética formolada (SAF). Cada muestra se recolectó en tres días, en forma alternada. Todas las muestras se procesaron por el método de concentración bifásico de Ritchie y la técnica de flotación de Faust. Para la investigación de Enterobius vermicularis, se recolectaron 68 muestras seriadas de 6 días en formol al 5% por escobillado anal. Para la búsqueda de Dientamoeba fragilis se utilizó la coloración tricrómica modificada de Gomori-Wheatley. Ciento seis individuos (94.6%) fueron positivos para parásitos entéricos. Cuarenta y cuatro sujetos (41.5%) estaban poliparasitados, con más de cuatro especies. Los parásitos más frecuentes entre los protozoarios fueron Blastocystis hominis (58.9%), Entamoeba coli (51.8%), Giardia lamblia (27.7%) y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (24.1%). Entre los helmintos, los hallados con mayor frecuencia fueron uncinarias (58.0%), Hymenolepis nana (31.2%) y Strongyloides stercoralis (24.1%). Por primera vez se informa Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (24.1%) y Dientamoeba fragilis (2.7%) en una comunidad aborigen de los alrededores de Tartagal. Este estudio revela el problema de salud pública que constituyen las parasitosis intestinales en la comunidad indígena estudiada, en la que coexisten la falta de saneamiento y de abastecimiento de agua potable.

The prevalence of intestinal parasitoses by protozoans and helminths was determined in an aboriginal community located 6 km from Tartagal, province of Salta, Argentina. The age of the inhabitants studied ranged from 1 to 49 years old. A total of 112 stool samples were collected in sodium acetate-acetic acid- formalin solution (SAF). Each sample was obtained in three different days, alternatively. Ritchie biphasic concentration method and Faust flotation technique were applied. For survey of Enterobius vermicularis, 68 samples were collected during six consecutive days using anal swabs. For the diagnosis of Dientamoeba fragilis, the modified trichrome Gomori-Wheatley staining technique was used. One hundred and six (94.6%) subjects resulted positive for enteric parasites. Forty-four (41.5%) individuals were positive for four or more parasites. The parasites more frequently found were, among the protozoans Blastocystis hominis (58.9%), Entamoeba coli (51.8%), Giardia lamblia (27.7%) and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (24.1%). Among the helminths, the most frequent were hookworms (58.0%), Hymenolepis nana (31.2%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (24.1%). This is the first time that Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (24.1%) and Dientamoeba fragilis (2.7%) have been registered in the suburbs of Tartagal. This study reveals how intestinal parasitoses constitute a critical problem of public health in aboriginal communities like the one examined, where the lack of adequate sanitation conditions and unsuitable supply of water coexist.

El Síndrome de Williams-Reporte de tres casos / Williams syndrome- Report of three cases

El síndrome de Williams, síndrome de Williams- Beuren, hipercalcemia idiopática osíndrome de estenosis aórtica supravalvular, es un desorden de etiología genéticacaracterizado por facies dismórfica con características típicas, retraso mental, deficiencia delcrecimiento, anomalías del tejido conectivo, anomalías cardiovasculares, una personalidadtípica y, a veces, hipercalcemia en la infancia. La frecuencia de este síndrome ha sidoestimada en 1 en 10000 a 20000 nacimientos. La causa del mismo, es una deleciónsubmicroscópica del cromosoma 7q11-13 que incluye el gen de la elastina (ELN) en 90 a95% de los casos. Este es un síndrome de genes contiguos (diferentes genes implicados,producen diferentes síntomas) y se conocen comprometidos los genes: ELN (implicado enlas anomalías del tejido conectivo), GTF21 (implicado en el retardo mental) y LIMK1(implicado en el fenotipo del síndrome). La deleción es de novo en la mayoría de los casos,aunque se ha documentado trasmisión de padres a hijos. Se puede realizar el diagnosticoprenatal por Fluorescente in situ hybridization (FISH). CASOS CLINICOS: Se describen loscasos de dos niños de 1 año y 9 meses y 1 año y 10 meses, y una niña de 6 años y 8 meses,los tres con diferentes características clínicas. En este trabajo se resalta la importancia delfenotipo sobre las otras características del síndrome, que pueden o no estar presentes